![]() The study found that the townships and villages provided an institutional basis for barefoot doctor policy, while the formal health system, including urban hospitals, county health schools, township health centers, and mobile medical teams provided training to the barefoot doctors. The information extracted from the selected articles were synthesized according to the four partnership strategies for communities and health system to support CHW development, namely 1) joint ownership and design of CHW programmes 2) collaborative supervision and constructive feedback 3) a balanced package of incentives, both financial and non-financial and 4) a practical monitoring system incorporating data from the health system and community. Chinese and English literature were searched from PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang. It summarizes China’s experiences in exploring and using strategic partnership between the community and the formal health system to develop CHWs in the two stages, the barefoot doctor stage (1968 –1985) and the village doctor stage (1985-now). This paper aims to synthesis lessons learnt from the Chinese CHW experiences. China’s experiences and lessons learnt in developing and maintaining village doctors may be useful for these developing countries. Under this context, development of Community Health workers (CHWs) has become an emerging policy priority in many resource-poor developing countries. United Nations declared Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 to achieve universal health coverage by 2030. Since then, village doctors have kept on playing an irreplaceable role in China’s rural health, even though the number of village doctors has fluctuated over the years and they face serious challenges. ![]() China’s Ministry of Health stopped using the term of barefoot doctor in 1985, and changed policy to develop village doctors. Since 1968, China has trained about 1.5 million barefoot doctors in a few years’ time to provide basic health services to 0.8 billion rural population. ![]()
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